Supplement
Many conclusions consistent
with the concept presented here could be reached as early as in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries. This is not an exaggeration. Another thing is that
such a model would certainly not be preferred. Even in the early twentieth
century, it was common to view, solely on the basis of intuition, that the
universe was static and infinite. Significantly, this "infinity" was
quite small (...) because it was not known that there are hundreds of billions
of other galaxies outside of our galaxy. Nevertheless, the infinite, static
universe was obvious then.
At that time, knowledge about the universe was too poor. In addition,
knowledge about the micro world was only just beginning to develop. Although
even in the time of Galileo it was possible to go in the direction indicated
here (the cosmological principle), and Giordano Bruno fantasized in the spirit
of this principle (and ended badly), even in Einstein's time it was definitely
too early. For this reason, he introduced a cosmological constant into the equations
of general relativity, but he rejected it as soon as it turned out that the
universe was expanding. He called it (this constant introduction) his biggest
mistake. According to other scientists, if not all, even today, it was a
mistake to "deny" even though the universe is still not static (…). Who
was right? In my humble opinion, however, Einstein was right. Well, changing
your mental habits is an extremely slow process, straight through a generation,
if it doesn't take ages.
By the way, I would like to add from myself that the return to the
cosmological constant in recent times, despite the fact that the Universe is
actually un-static, proves, contrary to appearances, the objective existence of
a deep crisis in cosmology. Yes, but thanks to this, dark energy was "discovered"... As
a reminder, today cosmology is uncritically totally based on general
relativity, even taking into account the cosmological constant. Today, this
theory (even without the cosmological constant) should be supplemented a bit
today, and maybe even modified. "Is it not desecrate of holiness?" Every
theory should pass the test of falsification. I am convinced that Einstein
would not have gone in a direction he himself rejected (and rightly so). Now,
well, the drowning man grabs the razor (Ockham's razor here). [The real crisis leads
to real progress.]
But let's go back to the universe. In the final conclusion of this first
article, on the basis of the cosmological principle, we can even say that the
Universe is a fully self-consistent over- object, and the tempo of its
evolution is determined by global time. The development of the Universe in each
of its elements, even on the smallest scale, is the same, because the basic
laws of nature do not depend on the scale. We will return to this conclusion in
later articles. Anyway, it will be strengthened by further arguments.
We came to far-reaching conclusions; we basically built the foundations
of a coherent model of the universe. And we needed so little for that.
Everything now depends on the results of astronomical observations. If they do
not confirm the correctness of the model that we are going to build (on the
basis of the proportionality of speed and distance, as a conclusion from the
cosmological principle), then either another solution should be sought,
consistent with the cosmological principle, or this principle is not correct.
However, I would leave this conclusion for the end; if only in connection with
the Noether theorem (see above).
The center of the universe does not exist
According to today's views, we imagine the space of the Universe as a
"balloon" of Riemann's space with positive curvature. The universe of
matter is as if on the surface of this balloon. Thanks to this approach, there
is no preferred point, no center. But that is not the only possible way to get
rid of this special point (to consistence with the cosmological principle).
One can reason differently - what we did here, starting from the
postulate that the observed (and observable) Universe is everything, it is
expanding, and at the beginning of this expansion it was a relatively small
entity. Simply, “Once upon a time we were all together and made something very
small” - it was full space. There is no space outside the universe. Only the
relative motion of objects of cosmological significance enlarges space, and
this increases with the universal relative motion of objects, even inertia. We
came to quite surprising conclusions. Will the observational facts confirm
them? Will they be confirmed by arguments that will appear later in further
articles?
A reader who was impressed by reading my book wrote to Me.* It
appears from the letter that he is an educated man (though not a physicist). I
also discovered, not for the first time, thanks to the comments on my posts,
that the biggest problem is the conclusion, already in the first article on the
cosmological principle, that the observable universe is the All, that there is
no space outside the universe. This is the most difficult for everyone to
digest, despite the fact that it follows explicitly from the cosmological
principle.
In
response to the letter, I wrote, among other things: The fact that the universe
has no center is due to the cosmological principle. There are no privileged
points in any way. There is no center, but also there are no points
constituting the surface of the "sphere" - the Universe. Anyway, the
existence of such a surface directly proves the existence of a center ... There
is no surface sphere separating the Universe from the supposedly existing
remaining space. So the universe cannot be something sunken. In an infinite
void. All points belonging to the Universe are absolutely equiponderant to each
other. Therefore, space outside the Universe (of limited size) does not exist.
It is not a matter of imagination, but a specific, unknown today, topology. It
is even obvious, at least logical. Yet, it is not possible to break through the
barrier of the imperative of habitual thinking, and this applies to everyone.
Today's
cosmology is in trouble precisely because it has violated the cosmological
principle. It is in the light of this principle that every point in the
Universe (including an observer) is its center, and at the same time the
geometric locus of the points (positions) furthest from it is a kind of sphere.
In
an article devoted to the topology of the universe, I cited an ancient
sentence: God is an infinite sphere whose center is everywhere and the
perimeter is nowhere. Here God, being a sphere, presents the sky with
himself - he is the Universe (also an infinite set of points - observers ...),
and not what is understood today as God. What a beautiful allegory. The
Universe is also a being with a specific topology: it cannot be a sphere
because it has no center - due to the full equivalence of all points. So there
is no outer surface (of a sphere) that would constitute something alien, would
be a violation of harmony, and above all a violation of the cosmological
principle. Intuition often fails. In this situation, one cannot speak of a
circuit (it is nowhere to be found). What an accurate approach to the topology
of the universe. This is reminiscent of Spinoza's pantheism. By the way: How
did the ancients know about this?
*) "The universe
of dual gravity" in Polish